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Nghiên cứu của FDA đưa ra kết luận rằng germani, khi sử đụng như là chất bổ sung dinh dưỡng, "thể hiện một số nguy hiểm tiềm tàng cho sức khỏe con người".[six]
It is situated in group fourteen, period of time 4 and block p in the periodic table. Lustrous challenging metalloid component, belongs to group fourteen in the periodic desk. Forms a lot of organometallic compounds. Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871, it had been really present in 1886 by Winkler.
Being a consequence, perhaps the most vital hurdle for the common adoption of Ge in devices is definitely the lattice mismatch with regard to Si. This problem is even more aggravated through the thermal growth coefficient mismatch in these two supplies. Lattice mismatch is defined as:
Germaniul nu prezinta un rol biologic in organism, desi actioneaza ca un stimulent metabolic. Sarurile de germaniu prezinta toxicitate scazuta pentru mamifere, insa au caracter letal pentru bacterii (fara a rezulta o aplicare practica a acestui comportament).
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CAS number The Chemical Abstracts Services registry number is a unique identifier of a particular chemical, built to avoid confusion arising from distinct languages and naming devices.
According to the USGS, germanium applications is usually labeled into five groups (accompanied by an approximate percentage of whole use):
Roughly 17 metric a ton of germanium dioxide is applied as a polymerization catalyst from the creation of PET plastics each year. PET plastic is primarily used in food stuff, beverage, and liquid containers.
)) in between the supply as well as drain, even at pretty low electrical field. The channel is sandwiched by significant bandgap barrier components (SiGe or Si) to lessen the leakage. In cases like this, the Ge channel is biaxially compressive-strained from the barrier levels. The barrier levels will have to also give a VBO adequately superior to confine holes Within the Ge channel. A modulation doping layer, divided by spacer or barrier layer, removes the ionized impurity scattering with holes In the Ge channel.
Due to minimal economic availability, any very long-phrase prevalent utilization of Ge for electronic gadget applications will Pretty much absolutely be in the form of more info thin epitaxial movies developed on cheaper and much more ample Si substrates. Integration on Si is doubly important due to expectation that other Si parts, these types of DRAM and non-volatile memory, is going to be incorporated on exactly the same chips [31].
The amount of strain in epitaxial layers strongly influences the growth mode from the movie. In the situation of Ge on Si, the growth is flat (2nd) for the first few monolayers. As the built-in pressure Vitality will increase with escalating film thickness, there is a unexpected changeover from second to 3D expansion modes, also known as island growth [33].
off ratio. A lot more investigation is required to find out if parallel conduction is significant concern to the immediate epitaxy method.
Germanium is considered a engineering-vital factor. Germanium is not really thought to be an essential component for almost any dwelling organism. Comparable to silicon and aluminium, The natural way-taking place germanium compounds are generally insoluble in water and so have minimal oral toxicity. Nonetheless, artificial soluble germanium salts are nephrotoxic, and artificial chemically reactive germanium compounds with halogens and hydrogen are irritants and toxins.